A Kidney cyst is a round fluid collection formed in or on the kidney. There are several types of cysts, and they can subvert the kidney structure and cause loss of kidney function. Cysts are usually small, and they can derive from any segment of the nephron (microscopic functional unit of the kidney), including the glomeruli.

is a condition where the internal structures of one or both fetus’ kidneys don’t develop normally during pregnancy. Babies with severe kidney dysplasia affecting both kidneys may not survive birth. Children with dysplasia in only one kidney have normal kidney function if the other kidney is normal. Those with mild dysplasia of both kidneys may develop impairment of kidney function and may need kidney replacement therapy.

is the swelling of the kidneys when urine outflow is obstructed in any of part of the urinary tract, for example due to subpelvine stenose or urethral valve. Hydronephrosis implies that a ureter and the kidneys pelvis (the connection of the ureter to the kidney) are over-filled with urine.

is a congenital abnormality found in the ureter. In this condition the distal ureter balloons at its opening into the bladder, forming a sac-like pouch.

is the fusion of both kidneys together during prenatal development. Their lower parts fuse together forming a ‘U’ shape which gives it the name “horseshoe”. Horseshoe kidney can occur alone or associated with other disorders. The fused part is the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney. The abnormal anatomy can affect kidney drainage resulting in increased frequency of kidney stones and urinary tract infections.

occurs when both kidneys develop on the same side of the spine. In many cases, the two kidneys are fused together, but they maintain their own vessels and ureters.